Cytoskeletal Proteins in Cancer and Intracellular Stress: A Therapeutic Perspective
Mei Shan Ong, Shuo Deng, Clarissa Esmeralda Halim, Wanpei Cai, Tuan Zea Tan, Ruby Yun‐Ju Huang, Gautam Sethi, Shing Chuan Hooi, Alan Prem Kumar, Celestial T. Yap
Abstract
Cytoskeletal proteins, which consist of different sub-families of proteins including microtubules, actin and intermediate filaments, are essential for survival and cellular processes in both normal as well as cancer cells. However, in cancer cells, these mechanisms can be altered to promote tumour development and progression, whereby the functions of cytoskeletal proteins are co-opted to facilitate increased migrative and invasive capabilities, proliferation, as well as resistance to cellular and environmental stresses. Herein, we discuss the cytoskeletal responses to important intracellular stresses (such as mitochondrial, endoplasmic reticulum and oxidative stresses), and delineate the consequences of these responses, including effects on oncogenic signalling. In addition, we elaborate how the cytoskeleton and its associated molecules present themselves as therapeutic targets. The potential and limitations of targeting new classes of cytoskeletal proteins are also explored, in the context of developing novel strategies that impact cancer progression.