Dynamic Pd <sup>II</sup> /Cu <sup>I</sup> Multimetallic Assemblies as Molecular Models to Study Metal–Metal Cooperation in Sonogashira Coupling
Orestes Rivada‐Wheelaghan, Aleix Comas‐Vives, Robert R. Fayzullin, Agustı́ Lledós, Julia R. Khusnutdinova
Abstract
Cooperation between two different metals plays a crucial role in many synergistic catalytic reactions, such as the Sonogashira C-C cross-coupling reaction, where an interaction between the Pd and Cu centers is proposed in the transmetalation step. Although several heterobimetallic Pd/Cu complexes were proposed as structural models of the active species in Sonogashira coupling, the detailed understanding of the metal-metal cooperation in transmetalation is still lacking in current systems. In this work, we report a stepwise and systematic approach to building heteromultimetallic Pd/Cu assemblies as a tool to study metal-metal cooperativity. We obtained fully characterized Pd/Cu multimetallic assemblies that show reactivity in alkyne activation, formation of catalytically relevant aryl/acetylide species, and C-C elimination, serving as functional models for Sonogashira reaction intermediates. The combined experimental and DFT studies highlight the importance of ligand-controlled coordination geometry, metal-metal distances and dynamics of the multimetallic assembly for transmetalation step.