Consumption of penicillins in the community, European Union/European Economic Area, 1997–2017
Robin Bruyndonckx, Niels Adriaenssens, Niel Hens, Ann Versporten, Dominique L. Monnet, Geert Molenberghs, Herman Goossens, Klaus Weist, Samuel Coenen, the ESAC-Net study group, Reinhild Strauß, Eline Vandael, Stefana Sabtcheva, Marina Payerl-Pal, Isavella Kyriakidou, Jiřı́ Vlček, Ute Wolff Sönksen, Elviira Linask, Emmi Sarvikivi, Philippe Cavalié, Marc Schneider, Flora Kontopidou, Ria Benkő, Gudrun Aspelund, Ajay Oza, Filomena Fortinguerra, Ieva Rutkovska, Jolanta Kuklytė, Marcel Bruch, Peter Zarb, Stephanie Natsch, Hege Salvesen Blix, Anna Olczak-Pieńkowska, Ana Silva, Gabriel Adrian Popescu, Tomáš Tesař, Milan Čižman, Mayte Alonso Herreras, Vendela Bergfeldt, Berit Müller‐Pebody
Abstract
Abstract Objectives Data on consumption of penicillins in the community were collected from 30 EU/European Economic Area (EEA) countries over two decades. This article reviews temporal trends, seasonal variation, presence of change-points and changes in the composition of the main subgroups of penicillins. Methods For the period 1997–2017, data on consumption of penicillins, i.e. β-lactam antibacterials, penicillins (ATC group J01C), in the community aggregated at the level of the active substance, were collected using the WHO ATC/DDD methodology (ATC/DDD index 2019). Consumption was expressed in DDD per 1000 inhabitants per day and in packages per 1000 inhabitants per day. Consumption of penicillins was analysed based on ATC-4 subgroups, and presented as trends, seasonal variation, presence of change-points and compositional changes. Results In 2017, consumption of penicillins in the community expressed in DDD per 1000 inhabitants per day varied by a factor of 4.9 between countries with the highest (Spain) and the lowest (the Netherlands) consumption. An increase in consumption of penicillins, which was not statistically significant, was observed between 1997 and 2003 and up to 2010. A decrease, which was not statistically significant, was observed from 2010 onwards. Proportional consumption of combinations of penicillins, including β-lactamase inhibitors (J01CR) increased during 1997–2017, which coincided with a decrease in the proportional consumption of extended-spectrum penicillins (J01CA) and narrow-spectrum penicillins (J01CE). Conclusions Considerable variation in the patterns of consumption of penicillins was observed between EU/EEA countries. The consumption of penicillins in the EU/EEA community did not change significantly over time, while the proportional consumption of combinations of penicillins increased.