Sustainable Exscalar Monodispersed Gold Nanoparticles with Enhanced Dispersion Stability and Biocompatibility for Theragnostics
Chandra S. Bhatt, Archana Rajavel, Divya S. Parimi, Raja Natesan Sella, Jayaseelan Murugaiyan, Anil K. Suresh
Abstract
The stability and dispersity of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) against various biological, physicochemical, and physiological transformations while retaining biocompatibility are fundamental for their myriad utilization in various theragnostic applications. Besides, it would be highly imperative if the AuNPs could be generated using environmentally sustainable procedures. Remarkably stable, monodispersed AuNPs with robustness against centrifugation, freeze-thawing, lyophilization, acids, bases, electrolytes, and polar solvents are generated by utilizing fish scale wastes. The AuNPs inherited self-integrity and dispersity across various clinically significant biological fluids including phosphate buffer saline, growth mediums, human blood serum, saliva, and urine. Human blood serum interactions revealed negligible protein corona consortium and biocompatibility with no hemolysis or cytotoxicity toward peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Astonishingly, endurance to all these biological, physicochemical, and physiological discrepancies was comparable to that of universal stabilizer thiolated polyethylene glycol (PEG) sorbed AuNPs. Such high stability and wide dispersity are attributed to the firm shielding of AuNPs by the oligopeptide fragments excreted from the scales, which also endowed AuNP functionalization to diverse drugs. Notably, our results develop a biogenic production of monodispersed AuNPs with natural sturdiness against harsh laboratory and clinical environments to substitute the plunged biocompatibility of PEG-Au sulfur chemisorption and PEG-Au physisorption approaches for various imaging and drug delivery applications.