De-Ammonium Ba<sub>0.18</sub>V<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4.95</sub>/NH<sub>4</sub>V<sub>4</sub>O<sub>10</sub> Film Electrodes as High-Performance Cathode Materials for Magnesium-Ion Batteries
Yang He, Haiyan Xu, Fanglin Liu, Hanxiao Bian, Dongcai Li, Aiguo Wang, Daosheng Sun
Abstract
Magnesium-ion batteries (MIBs) have been pushed into the research boom in the post-lithium-ion batteries era due to their low cost, no dendrite hazard, and high capacity. However, finding suitable cathode materials to improve the slow kinetics of Mg 2+ is an ongoing challenge. In this work, Ba 0.18 V 2 O 4.95 /NH 4 V 4 O 10 film electrodes were grown in one step on indium tin oxide (ITO) conductive glass using a low-temperature liquid-phase deposition method. Temperature was used as the probe condition, and it was concluded that the films annealed at 400 °C had suitable crystallinity and de-ammonium lattice space. At lower current density, with 0.5 M Mg(ClO 4 ) 2 /PC as the electrolyte, it exhibited an initial discharge capacity of 130.99 mA h m –2 at 210 mA m –2 and 106.52% capacity retention after 100 cycles. In addition, it exhibited excellent electrochemical performance in long-term cycling (92.98% capacity retention after 300 cycles at 600 mA m –2 ). According to the results of ex situ X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), the removal of NH 4 + created more lattice space, assisting Ba 0.18 V 2 O 4.95 to increase the transfer channels of Mg 2+, providing more active sites to promote diffusion kinetics (the average D Mg 2+ was 2.07 × 10 –12 cm 2 s –1 ) and specific capacity. Therefore, these film electrodes for scalable Mg 2+ storage are promising MIB cathode candidates that exhibit good performance advantages in storage applications.