Stimuli-responsive nanogels in wound care: A comprehensive review
Tanisha Das, Mouli Das, Shirin Sultana, Rakesh Swain
Abstract
Chronic wounds, including diabetic ulcers, burns, and surgical scars, fail to follow the normal stages of wound healing due to persistent inflammation, infection, and impaired tissue regeneration. Smart nanogels- stimuli-responsive, nanoscale hydrogel systems-have emerged as promising carriers for targeted and controlled drug delivery in such complex wound environments. This review highlights the structural characteristics of nanogels and critically evaluates pH, temperature, enzyme, glucose, and ROS-responsive nanogels used for wound healing. Studies show that pH-sensitive nanogels selectively release antimicrobials in acidic wound environments, while thermos-responsive formulations enhance drug release under elevated wound temperatures. Enzyme-response nanogels regulate metalloproteinase activity and promote collagen deposition. ROS-scavenging systems restore redox balance, aiding tissue repair in oxidative-stressed wounds. Glucose-responsive nanogels improve diabetic wound care by releasing insulin or antioxidants in hyperglycemic conditions. Despite their therapeutic potential, challenges remain in maintaining nanogel stability, scalability, and precise responsiveness. This review synthesizes current advancements and identifies future directions for the clinical translation of smart nanogels in chronic wound management.