Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons: Occurrence, Electroanalysis, Challenges, and Future Outlooks
Putri Nur Syafieqah Zainal, Shahrul Ainliah Alang Ahmad, Siti Fatimah Nur Abdul Aziz, Nor Zida Rosly
Abstract
The past several decades have seen increasing concern regarding the wide distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in environmental matrices. Primary toxicological data show PAHs' persistent characteristics and possible toxicity effects. Because of this pressing global issue, electroanalytical methods have been introduced. These methods are effective for PAH determination in environmental waters, even outclassing sophisticated analytical techniques such as chromatography, conventional spectrophotometry, fluorescence, and capillary electrophoresis. Herein, the literature published on PAHs is reviewed and discussed with special regard to PAH occurrence. Moreover, the recent developments in electrochemical sensors for PAH determination and the challenges and future outlooks in this field, are also presented.