Cloudberry-derived nanovesicles as stable oral drug delivery systems: gastrointestinal stability and age-related biodistribution in mice
Keerthanaa Balasubramanian Shanthi, Feby Wijaya Pratiwi, Florence Naillat, Ramila Mammadova, Marjaana Sarpola, Si‐Han Wu, Marko Suokas, Soile Jokipii‐Lukkari, Susanna Kaisto, Anatoly Samoylenko, Henrikki Liimatainen, Çağlar Elbüken, Seppo Vainio
Abstract
imaging revealed favorable biodistribution patterns, prolonged retention in the GI tract, effective intestinal absorption, transfer to the bloodstream, and low immunogenicity in both age groups. Notably, aging influenced the biodistribution of CNVs, with elderly mice exhibiting delayed gastric emptying and prolonged GI retention, likely due to age-related physiological changes. These findings suggest that CNVs are promising, stable, and biocompatible oral drug delivery systems suitable for both young and elderly populations, highlighting their potential for therapeutic applications, especially in age-related conditions.