The immunological interplay between vaccination and the intestinal microbiota

Abstract

Vaccination is the most cost-effective life-saving medical intervention 1 . However, substantial variation in individual immune responses to vaccination exists 2 . Lower vaccine immunogenicity, especially to oral vaccines, is often reported in developing countries 3 , 4 , 5 . Many intrinsic and extrinsic factors, such as age, genetics, pre-existing immunity, nutritional status and comorbidities contribute to the variations in vaccine responses 6 .

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