A 223–276-GHz Cascadable FMCW Transceiver in 130-nm SiGe BiCMOS for Scalable MIMO Radar Arrays
Eşref Türkmen, İbrahim Kağan Aksoyak, Pavle B. Djondovic, Selahattin Berk Yilmaz, Wojciech Dębski, Wolfgang Winkler, Ahmet Çağrı Ulusoy
Abstract
This article reports a 223–276-GHz monostatic frequency-modulated continuous-wave (FMCW) radar transceiver (TRX) chip. The TRX is suitable for building massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) radar arrays in the daisy-chain topology because of its cascadable feature based on the injection-locking feedthrough technique. The TRX is based on <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$18\times $ </tex-math></inline-formula> frequency multiplication chain that can be fed by either an external signal generator (SG) or its internal voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO). The modulation bandwidth (BW) is about 53 GHz when the internal VCO is activated, resulting in a range resolution of better than 3 mm. The peak output power is 3.1 dBm at 240 GHz with a 3-dB BW of 41 GHz. Its receiver (RX) channel is based on the in-phase/quadrature architecture enabling complex signal sampling. The minimum single-sideband (SSB) noise figure (NF) is 18.7 dB at 255 GHz, and the average value is 20.7 dB. The TRX chip includes an on-chip antenna coupled with a silicon lens, offering a peak effective isotropic radiated power (EIRP) of 27 dBm at 240 GHz. The TRX consumes a dc current of 234 and 270.1 mA from a single supply voltage of 3.3 V for external and internal VCO operations, respectively. The chip occupies a total area of 2.7 mm 2 ( <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$2.16\times1.26$ </tex-math></inline-formula> mm).