Shock compression experiments using the DiPOLE 100-X laser on the high energy density instrument at the European x-ray free electron laser: Quantitative structural analysis of liquid Sn
M. G. Gorman, D. McGonegle, R. F. Smith, Saransh Singh, Timothy A. Jenkins, R. S. McWilliams, B. Albertazzi, S. J. Ali, L. Antonelli, Michael R. Armstrong, Carsten Baehtz, Orianna B. Ball, Saumyabrata Banerjee, A. B. Belonoshko, A. Benuzzi‐Mounaix, C. A. Bolme, V. Bouffetier, R. Briggs, Khachiwan Buakor, Thomas Butcher, S. Di Dio Cafiso, Valerio Cerantola, Julien Chantel, Andrea Di Cicco, Samantha M. Clarke, A. L. Coleman, J. Collier, G. W. Collins, A. J. Comley, F. Coppari, T. E. Cowan, G. Cristoforetti, Hyunchae Cynn, Adrien Descamps, F. Dorchies, M. J. Duff, Anand Dwivedi, Chris Edwards, J. H. Eggert, Daniel Errandonea, G. Fiquet, Eric Galtier, Alejandro Laso García, Hélène Ginestet, L. A. Gizzi, A. E. Gleason, Sebastian Goede, Joseph M. Gonzalez, M. Harmand, N. J. Hartley, P. G. Heighway, Cristina Hernandez–Gomez, Andrew Higginbotham, Hauke Höppner, Rachel J. Husband, T. M. Hutchinson, Huijeong Hwang, Amy Lazicki, David A. Keen, Jaeyong Kim, P. Koester, Zuzana Konôpková, D. Kraus, A. Krygier, L. Labate, Yongjae Lee, Hanns‐Peter Liermann, Paul Mason, M. Masruri, Bernhard Massani, E. E. McBride, C. P. McGuire, J. McHardy, Sébastien Merkel, G. Morard, Bob Nagler, M. Nakatsutsumi, Kien Nguyen-Cong, A.-M. Norton, Ivan Oleynik, Christoph Otzen, Norimasa Ozaki, Silvia Pandolfi, D. J. Peake, A. Pelka, K. A. Pereira, Jonathan Phillips, Clemens Prescher, Thomas R. Preston, Lisa Randolph, D. Ranjan, A. Ravasio, R. Redmer, J. Rips, David Santamarı́a-Pérez, Daniel J. Savage, M. Schoelmerich, Jan‐Patrick Schwinkendorf, J. M. Smith, A. Sollier
Abstract
X-ray free electron laser (XFEL) sources coupled to high-power laser systems offer an avenue to study the structural dynamics of materials at extreme pressures and temperatures. The recent commissioning of the DiPOLE 100-X laser on the high energy density (HED) instrument at the European XFEL represents the state-of-the-art in combining x-ray diffraction with laser compression, allowing for compressed materials to be probed in unprecedented detail. Here, we report quantitative structural measurements of molten Sn compressed to 85(5) GPa and ∼3500 K. The capabilities of the HED instrument enable liquid density measurements with an uncertainty of ∼1% at conditions which are extremely challenging to reach via static compression methods. We discuss best practices for conducting liquid diffraction dynamic compression experiments and the necessary intensity corrections which allow for accurate quantitative analysis. We also provide a polyimide ablation pressure vs input laser energy for the DiPOLE 100-X drive laser which will serve future users of the HED instrument.