Understanding the consequences of educational inequalities on periodontitis: A Mendelian randomization study
Sebastian‐Edgar Baumeister, Dennis Freuer, Hansjörg Baurecht, Stefan Lars Reckelkamm, Benjamin Ehmke, Birte Holtfreter, Michael Nolde
Abstract
AIM: Higher educational attainment is associated with a lower risk of periodontitis, but the extent to which this association is causal and mediated by intermediate factors is unclear. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Using summary data from genetic association studies from up to 1.1 million participants of European descent, univariable and multivariable Mendelian randomization analyses were performed to infer the total effect of educational attainment on periodontitis and to estimate the degree to which income, smoking, alcohol consumption, and body mass index mediate the association. RESULTS: The odds ratio of periodontitis per 1 standard deviation increment in genetically predicted education was 0.78 (95% CI: 0.68-0.89). The proportions mediated of the total effect of genetically predicted education on periodontitis were 64%, 35%, 15%, and 46% for income, smoking, alcohol consumption, and body mass index, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Using a genetic instrumental variable approach, this study triangulated evidence from existing observational epidemiological studies and suggested that higher educational attainment lowers periodontitis risk. Measures to reduce the burden of educational disparities in periodontitis risk may tackle downstream risk factors, particularly income, smoking, and obesity.