Intermetallic Nanocatalyst for Highly Active Heterogeneous Hydroformylation
Minda Chen, Geet Gupta, Claudio Ordonez, Andrew Lamkins, Charles J. Ward, Celia A. Abolafia, Biying Zhang, Luke T. Roling, Wenyu Huang
Abstract
Hydroformylation is an imperative chemical process traditionally catalyzed by homogeneous catalysts. Designing a heterogeneous catalyst with high activity and selectivity in hydroformylation is challenging but essential to allow the convenient separation and recycling of precious catalysts. Here, we report the development of an outstanding catalyst for efficient heterogeneous hydroformylation, RhZn intermetallic nanoparticles. In the hydroformylation of styrene, it shows three times higher turnover frequency (3090 h–1) compared to the benchmark homogeneous Wilkinson’s catalyst (966 h–1), as well as a high chemoselectivity toward aldehyde products. RhZn is active for a variety of olefin substrates and can be recycled without a significant loss of activity. Density functional theory calculations show that the RhZn surfaces reduce the binding strength of reaction intermediates and have lower hydroformylation activation energy barriers compared to pure Rh(111), leading to more favorable reaction energetics on RhZn. The calculations also predict potential catalyst design strategies to achieve high regioselectivity.