A Review on Membrane Fabrication: Structure, Properties and Performance Relationship
Heap‐Yih Chong, Shabbir Muhammad, S. N. Norazmi, Zhihong Chang, Yew Heng Teoh
Abstract
Polymeric membranes have been widely explored and applied in both academic and industrial sectors. Their high separation efficiency, versatility, and scalability make them an alternative to conventional separation processes. This review presents recent developments in flat-sheet polymeric membranes for water treatment applications, focusing on fabrication methods, membrane formulation parameters, and structure-property-performance relationships. Common fabrication methods, including phase inversion, interfacial polymerization, stretching, track-etching, and electrospinning, are examined in terms of fabrication mechanisms, operating conditions and membrane structures. While these methods may utilize similar base polymers, they result in distinct membrane structures that are customized to specific applications. In addition, the influence of formulation parameters, such as polymer and solvent selection, polymer concentration, and additives used, are thoroughly discussed to obtain desired physicochemical properties for specific membrane applications. Furthermore, the membrane structural properties, including crystallinity, pore morphology, and surface characteristics, like hydrophilicity, surface charge, and roughness, are discussed to better understand their impact on membrane permeability and solute selectivity. Advanced characterization techniques for analysing these properties are also explored. Lastly, this review explores future directions for polymeric membrane technology in respect to the materials used, post-treatment of used membrane, the integration with artificial intelligence technologies, and assessment on industrial scalability of modified membrane. By integrating recent advancements, addressing existing challenges, and identifying future opportunities, this review provides a foundation for advancing polymeric membrane technologies and promoting innovation in water treatment solutions.