Isolated Convolutional-Neural-Network-Based Deep-Feature Extraction for Brain Tumor Classification Using Shallow Classifier
Yassir Edrees Almalki, Muhammad Umair Ali, Karam Dad Kallu, Manzar Masud, Amad Zafar, Sharifa Khalid Alduraibi, Muhammad Irfan, Mohammad Abd Alkhalik Basha, Hassan A. Alshamrani, Alaa Alduraibi, Mervat Aboualkheir
Abstract
In today's world, a brain tumor is one of the most serious diseases. If it is detected at an advanced stage, it might lead to a very limited survival rate. Therefore, brain tumor classification is crucial for appropriate therapeutic planning to improve patient life quality. This research investigates a deep-feature-trained brain tumor detection and differentiation model using classical/linear machine learning classifiers (MLCs). In this study, transfer learning is used to obtain deep brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan features from a constructed convolutional neural network (CNN). First, multiple layers (19, 22, and 25) of isolated CNNs are constructed and trained to evaluate the performance. The developed CNN models are then utilized for training the multiple MLCs by extracting deep features via transfer learning. The available brain MRI datasets are employed to validate the proposed approach. The deep features of pre-trained models are also extracted to evaluate and compare their performance with the proposed approach. The proposed CNN deep-feature-trained support vector machine model yielded higher accuracy than other commonly used pre-trained deep-feature MLC training models. The presented approach detects and distinguishes brain tumors with 98% accuracy. It also has a good classification rate (97.2%) for an unknown dataset not used to train the model. Following extensive testing and analysis, the suggested technique might be helpful in assisting doctors in diagnosing brain tumors.