Loss of STIM2, but not of STIM1, drives colorectal cancer metastasis through metabolic reprogramming and the ATF4 ER stress pathway
Trayambak Pathak, J. Cory Benson, Martin Johnson, Ping Xin, Ahmed Emam Abdelnaby, Vonn Walter, Walter A. Koltun, Gregory S. Yochum, Nadine Hempel, Mohamed Trebak
Abstract
The large amounts of calcium (Ca 2+ ) stored in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the controlled release of this Ca 2+ store into the cytosol regulate many cellular functions, and altered ER Ca 2+ homeostasis induces ER stress. Stromal-interacting molecules 1 and 2 (STIM1/2) are homologous ER-resident Ca 2+ sensors that synergistically activate cytosolic Ca 2+ influx through Orai channels to promote Ca 2+ -dependent changes in gene expression and ER Ca 2+ refilling. Here, we demonstrated that reduced abundance of STIM2, but not that of STIM1, was associated with poor prognosis in colorectal cancer (CRC). STIM2-deficient CRC cells showed enhanced ER Ca 2+ content in a manner dependent on the ER Ca 2+ pump SERCA2, increased expression of genes associated with protein translation, and transcriptional and metabolic rewiring. STIM2 deficiency in CRC xenografts led to increased tumor size, invasion, and metastasis. STIM2 loss activated the expression of genes involved in ER stress responses in a manner dependent on the chaperone BiP and the transcription factor ATF4 and independent of Orai channels. These results suggest that loss of STIM2 may inform CRC prognosis.