Investigation of rheological characteristics of Ag–MoS <sub>2</sub> hybrid nanofluid in a curved wavy channel with slip and electromagnetic effects
M. Mujahid, Zaheer Abbas, Nouf Abdulrahman Alqahtani, Muhammad Yousuf Rafiq
Abstract
Pressure-driven flow of magnetized hybrid nanofluids has attracted increasing attention due to its relevance in advanced thermal management and energy systems. Therefore, this study aims to bridge this gap by examining the rheological and thermal characteristics of Ag–MoS2 hybrid nanofluid in a wavy curved channel under the influence of Hall currents and velocity–thermal slip conditions. Analytical solutions for velocity, temperature, volumetric flow rate, skin friction, and Nusselt number are derived using a perturbation approach, and streamline patterns are analyzed to illustrate trapping phenomena. The findings reveal that curvature, magnetic field strength, Hall parameter, slip conditions, and wavenumber collectively govern fluid transport, temperature gradients, and thermal performance. Notably, channel waviness and electromagnetic effects introduce complex interactions that enhance flow regulation and heat transfer control. In addition, statistical techniques are applied to determine skin friction and local Nusselt numbers over a wide range of physical parameters, with results clearly organized in tables. The trapping mechanism is further explored through contour streamline plots, providing a deeper understanding of fluid transport and flow structure in the curved channel. These results provide novel insights into hybrid nanofluid dynamics, offering valuable guidance for optimizing microchannel systems in engineering and biomedical applications.