Cohort Profile: Burden of Obstructive Lung Disease (BOLD) study
André F.S. Amaral, James Potts, Ben Knox‐Brown, Emmanouil Bagkeris, Imed Harrabi, Hamid Hacene Cherkaski, Dhiraj Agarwal, Sanjay Juvekar, P A Mahesh, Þórarinn Gíslason, Asaad Ahmed Nafees, Kevin Mortimer, Christer Janson, Li Cher Loh, Stefanni Nonna Paraguas, Meriam Denguezli, Mohammed Al Ghobain, David M. Mannino, Martin Njoroge, Graham Devereux, Terence Seemungal, Cristina Bárbara, Ali Kocabaş, Rana Ahmed, Althea Aquart-Stewart, Michael Studnicka, Tobias Welte, Wan C. Tan, Richard N. van Zyl-Smit, Parvaiz A Koul, Vanessa García-Larsen, Cosetta Minelli, A. Sonia Buist, Peter Burney, the BOLD Study Collaborative Network, Hasan Hafizi, Anila Aliko, Donika Bardhi, Holta Tafa, Natasha Thanasi, Arian Mezini, Alma Teferici, Dafina Todri, Jolanda Nikolla, Rezarta Kazasi, Hamid Hacene Cherkaski, Amira Bengrait, Tabarek Haddad, Ibtissem Zgaoula, Maamar Ghit, Abdelhamid Roubhia, Soumaya Boudra, Feryal Atoui, Randa Yakoubi, Rachid Benali, Abdelghani Bencheikh, N Aït-Khaled, Christine Jenkins, Guy B. Marks, Taylor Bird, Paola Espinel, Kate Hardaker, Brett G. Toelle, Michael Studnicka, Torkil Dawes, Bernd Lamprecht, Lea Schirhofer, Hervé Lawin, Arsène Kpangon, Karl Kpossou, G. Agodokpessi, Paul Ayélo, Benjamin Fayomi, Rolus Atrokpo, Gaston Hounton, Dieudonnè Yadjodo, Bertrand Mbatchou, Atongno Humphrey Ashu, Wan C. Tan, Wen Wang, Nanshan Zhong, Shengming Liu, Jiachun Lü, Pixin Ran, Dali Wang, Jin-ping Zheng, Yumin Zhou, Rain Jögi, Hendrik Laja, Katrin Ulst, Vappu Zobel, Toomas-Julius Lill, Katrin Kiili, Ira Laanelepp, Tobias Welte, Isabelle Bodemann, Henning Geldmacher, Alexandra Schweda-Linow, Þórarinn Gíslason, Bryndis Benedikdtsdottir
Abstract
The Burden of Obstructive Lung Disease (BOLD) study was established to assess the prevalence of chronic airflow obstruction, a key characteristic of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and its risk factors in adults (≥40 years) from general populations across the world. \n \nThe baseline study was conducted between 2003 and 2016, in 41 sites across Africa, Asia, Europe, North America, the Caribbean and Oceania, and collected high-quality pre- and post-bronchodilator spirometry from 28 828 participants. \n \nThe follow-up study was conducted between 2019 and 2021, in 18 sites across Africa, Asia, Europe and the Caribbean. At baseline, there were in these sites 12 502 participants with high-quality spirometry. A total of 6452 were followed up, with 5936 completing the study core questionnaire. Of these, 4044 also provided high-quality pre- and post-bronchodilator spirometry. \n \nOn both occasions, the core questionnaire covered information on respiratory symptoms, doctor diagnoses, health care use, medication use and ealth status, as well as potential risk factors. Information on occupation, environmental exposures and diet was also collected.