Multiple antibiotic resistant Staphylococcus aureus induced hepatocellular anomaly: A possible amelioration by Catharanthus roseus (L.) G.Don
Aparna Shil, Arnab Banerjee, Bithin Kumar Maji, Biswadev Bishayi, Mausumi Sikdar
Abstract
In the absence of a viable strategy for treating multiple antibiotic-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (SA)-mediated infections, botanicals are being investigated for their effectiveness and safety. Catharanthus roseus (L.) G.Don (CR), belonging to the family Apocynaceae, has been used traditionally as a medicine since ancient times as a treatment for bacterial infections, diabetes, ulcers, hypertension, diarrhea, and dyslipidemia. This study evaluated the preliminary outcome of CR on the killing of SA, and also investigated the mechanism by which CR offered protection against SA-induced hepatocellular degeneration in rats. We have analyzed the quantitative phytochemical profile of the different parts of CR and determined the functionally most significant extract by their chemical analysis. Moreover, antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activities of CR were investigated by in vitro and in vivo experiments. Results showed that the ethanol extract of CR root (EECRR) have different of phytochemicals, with ursolic acid (UA) as one of the bioactive components; this composite extract significantly ameliorates SA-induced altered redox-equilibrium and inflammation by inhibiting the efflux pump activity of SA. Since EECRR inhibits the efflux pump present in the SA membrane, the bacterial cells become incapable of ejecting antibiotics, free radicals, and other bactericidal substances from the interior of the cell to the exterior, thereby, reducing antibiotic resistance. Consequently, EECRR, due to the presence of UA, provides hepatoprotective effects against SA-induced hepatocellular anomalies. Further studies are required to analyze the roles of other bioactive components of CR, so that it may be used as a hepatoprotective supplement for the treatment of SA-induced infections.