T‐cell immunoglobulin and ITIM domain, as a potential immune checkpoint target for immunotherapy of colorectal cancer
Mehrdad Fathi, Inna Pustokhina, Sergey V. Kuznetsov, Mars Khayrullin, Mohammad Hojjat‐Farsangi, Vahid Karpisheh, Ali Jalili, Farhad Jadidi‐Niaragh
Abstract
The importance of the tumor microenvironment in cancer progression has been well studied for many years. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are regarded as potential strategies in enhancing the immune responses in patients with cancer, particularly colorectal cancer (CRC). Notably, CRCs are extraordinarily heterogeneous and mostly are microsatellite-stable (MSS) or cold tumors, which means that the immune response is not usually as strong as that of foreign cells. T-cell immunoglobulin and ITIM domain (TIGIT) is a new immune checkpoint receptor overexpressed inside the CRC tumor-immune microenvironments. Moreover, several studies have shown that TIGIT in combination with other ICIs and/or conventional treatments, can lead to a robust anti-tumor response in CRC. This review looks deep inside TIGIT expression patterns, their various functions, and possible immunotherapy strategies to increase survival rates and decrease immune-related adverse events.