Prevalence of Human Papillomavirus Infection in the Head and Neck Area of Patients After Kidney Transplantation Treated With Immunosuppressive Therapy
Krzysztof Sindrewicz, Karolina Kędzierska-Kapuza, Ewa Jaworowska, Kazimierz Ciechanowski
Abstract
The introduction of new and stronger immunosuppressive agents has significantly improved the overall survival rate of patients with transplanted organs; however, prolonged use of immunosuppressive agents has led to severe complications, such as the development of de novo malignant cancers. The incidence of malignant tumors is 3 to 5 times greater among renal transplant recipients than that of the overall population. Traditional neoplasms of the head and neck region are associated with the addiction to smoking and drinking alcohol. However, recent studies indicate that cancers of the throat, tongue, and tonsils are primarily associated with the human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. At present, approximately 25% of the head and neck squamous cell carcinomas are associated with HPV infection. Therefore, we aimed to determine the incidence of oropharyngeal HPV infection in recipients with kidney transplants treated with immunosuppressive therapy and to determine the factors that may favor the contraction of infectious diseases. Furthermore, we considered the purpose of vaccination against HPV among transplant recipients. A total of 32 recipients with kidney transplants were included in this study. Medical history was obtained and a throat swab was collected from each patient. The presence of the HPV DNA in the throat was determined using the GP5+/GP6+ primers. According to our results, 28% of the recipients with kidney transplants were positive for oropharyngeal HPV infection. In addition, among the investigated risk factors, early commencement of the sexual life (below the age of 16 years) was significantly correlated with the development of oropharyngeal HPV infection.