Pyrroloquinoline Quinone (PQQ): Its impact on human health and potential benefits
Tingdong Yan, Muhammad Nisar, Xiaomeng Hu, Jieming Chang, Yichen Wang, Yan Wu, Zhaoguo Liu, Yi Cai, Jia Jia, Yanming Xiao, Chunpeng Wan
Abstract
Pyrroloquinoline Quinone (PQQ) is a redox-active quinone molecule with significant implications for human health. Originally identified as a bacterial cofactor, PQQ has since been lauded for its diverse biological and therapeutic activities. It serves as an essential cofactor for oxidative enzymes that are vital for mitochondrial function and ATP synthesis. PQQ exhibits superior antioxidant properties that protect against ROS-mediated oxidative stress, aging, neurodegenerative diseases, certain cancers, diabetes, and metabolic disorders. It also enhances cognitive abilities and reduces insulin sensitivity. PQQ's antioxidant nature helps mitigate oxidative stress, which is implicated in many diseases. It has been shown to target cancer cells selectively, suggesting its potential as a therapeutic agent. Clinical studies have indicated the potential benefits of PQQ supplementation, including improvements in cardiovascular health, cognitive function, weight management, insulin sensitivity, and the prevention of metabolic syndromes. The safety of PQQ has been established, with no reported toxicity or genotoxicity in various studies, and it is considered a safe nutritional supplement. Future research directions should focus on determining the optimal dosages of PQQ for specific health outcomes and assessing its long-term effectiveness and safety. The translation of PQQ research into clinical practice could offer new strategies for managing metabolic disorders, enhancing cognitive health, and potentially extending lifespan. In summary, PQQ is a promising molecule with broad potential health benefits, impacting human health from cellular metabolism to disease prevention and treatment, positioning it as a key player in nutritional science and public health. • PQQ is a potent antioxidant that supports redox balance and mitochondrial function, vital for energy and health. • PQQ contributes to lipid metabolism regulation, indicating potential benefits for energy management. • PQQ supplementation is linked to weight control, improved insulin sensitivity, and may help prevent metabolic disorders. • PQQ may attenuate inflammation, bolster cognitive and cardiovascular health, and potentially assist in cancer therapies. • Future research should investigate PQQ dosages, long-term outcomes, and its potential for metabolic and cognitive health.