Feedback regulation of <scp>VISTA</scp> and Treg by <scp>TNF</scp>‐α controls T cell responses in drug allergy
Lele Sun, Qing Zhao, Suiting Ao, Tingting Liu, Zhenzhen Wang, Jiabao You, Zihao Mi, Yonghu Sun, Xiaotong Xue, Monday O. Ogese, Joshua Gardner, Xiaoli Meng, Dean J. Naisbitt, Hong Liu, Furen Zhang
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Severe cutaneous adverse reactions (SCARs) mediated by cytotoxic T lymphocytes are a series of life-threatening conditions with a mortality of 4%-20%. The clinical application of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) antagonist improves the outcome of some SCARs patients; however, this is complicated by the elusive and varied immunopathogenesis. METHODS: To clarify the precise process and optimize the therapy regimen of SCARs, we performed single-cell sequencing, in vitro functional and clinical analysis of patients with SCARs. RESULTS: We observed that TNF-α breaks drug-specific T-cell tolerance by inhibiting the expression of V-type immunoglobulin domain-containing suppressor of T-cell activation (VISTA). Furthermore, TNF-α generated a positive feedback loop in the early phase of drug-specific T-cell activation, whereby B cells acted reciprocally on the corresponding T cells to reinforce TNF-α cytokine expression. In contrast, this pathway of TNF-α-VISTA signaling did not operate in memory effector T cells. Drug-specific memory effector T-cell responses were inhibited by increasing Treg cell expression in a negative feedback loop, with TNF-α antagonists preventing the inhibitory effect. These observations align with the clinical analysis that early but not late intervention with TNF-α antagonists significantly improved outcomes in SCARs patients. CONCLUSION: Our findings defining feedback regulation of VISTA and Treg cells by TNF-α in different stages of the drug-specific T-cell response and, indicate that a Treg agonists, instead of TNF-α antagonists, could be used for treatment of patients with progressive SCARs.