Antioxidant Defense System in Plants Against Abiotic Stress
Mukesh Kumar Berwal, Ramesh Kumar, K. Surya Prakash, G. Rai, Kiran Hebbar
Abstract
This chapter briefly introduces the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) as byproducts of oxidation/reduction (redox) reactions, and the ways in which the antioxidant defense machinery is involved directly or indirectly in ROS scavenging. Major antioxidants, both enzymatic and non-enzymatic, that protect higher plant cells from oxidative stress damage are described. Biochemical and molecular features of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) are discussed because they play crucial roles in scavenging ROS in the different cell compartments and in response to stress conditions. Among the non-enzymatic defenses, particular attention is paid to ascorbic acid, glutathione, flavonoids, carotenoids, and tocopherols.