The Hallmarks of Precancer
Mary M. Stangis, Zhengyi Chen, Jimin Min, Sarah E. Glass, J. Jackson, Megan D. Radyk, Xen Ping Hoi, W. Nathaniel Brennen, Ming Yu, Huy Q. Dinh, Robert J. Coffey, Martha J. Shrubsole, Keith Syson Chan, William M. Grady, Srinivasan Yegnasubramanian, Costas A. Lyssiotis, Anirban Maitra, Richard B. Halberg, Neelendu Dey, Ken S. Lau
Abstract
Research on precancers, as defined as at-risk tissues and early lesions, is of high significance given the effectiveness of early intervention. We discuss the need for risk stratification to prevent overtreatment, an emphasis on the role of genetic and epigenetic aging when considering risk, and the importance of integrating macroenvironmental risk factors with molecules and cells in lesions and at-risk normal tissues for developing effective intervention and health policy strategies.