Advanced therapeutic modalities in hepatocellular carcinoma: Novel insights
Bahare Shokoohian, Babak Negahdari, Hamidreza Aboulkheyr Es, Manuchehr Abedi‐Valugerdi, Kaveh Baghaei, Tarun Agarwal, Tapas K. Maiti, Moustapha Hassan, Mustapha Najimi, Massoud Vosough
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the most common type of liver cancer, is usually a latent and asymptomatic malignancy caused by different aetiologies, which is a result of various aberrant molecular heterogeneity and often diagnosed at advanced stages. The incidence and prevalence have significantly increased because of sedentary lifestyle, diabetes, chronic infection with hepatotropic viruses and exposure to aflatoxins. Due to advanced intra- or extrahepatic metastasis, recurrence is very common even after radical resection. In this paper, we highlighted novel therapeutic modalities, such as molecular-targeted therapies, targeted radionuclide therapies and epigenetic modification-based therapies. These topics are trending headlines and their combination with cell-based immunotherapies, and gene therapy has provided promising prospects for the future of HCC treatment. Moreover, a comprehensive overview of current and advanced therapeutic approaches is discussed and the advantages and limitations of each strategy are described. Finally, very recent and approved novel combined therapies and their promising results in HCC treatment have been introduced.