Probiotics as a sustainable alternative to antibiotics in aquaculture: a review of the current state of knowledge
Anjali Gadhiya, Sanjana Katariya, Khushbu Khapandi, Deviben Chhatrodiya
Abstract
Aquaculture, a fast-expanding international business, is severely impacted by disease outbreaks, water quality issues, and the misuse of antibiotics, which promote antimicrobial resistance . These problems result from the buildup of organic matter, including dead organisms, feces, and excess feed, which releases toxic gases like hydrogen sulfide and ammonia. Conventional methods of controlling diseases through the use of antibiotics and synthetic chemicals are ineffective at large scale and cause environmental as well as health problems. Natural substitutes such as immunostimulants , herbal extracts, and prebiotics have therefore been investigated; however, many of these have conflicting outcomes or do not address more general environmental issues. Probiotics or useful microbes have come forward as environment-friendly and sustainable options. Probiotics stimulate immune reactions, decrease pathogenic loads, enhance digestion, and enhance water quality. In contrast to single-mode use of antibiotics, the action of probiotics is multifarious in nature such as competitive exclusion, immunomodulation , and synthesis of antimicrobial compounds. In aquaculture systems , they are essential for preserving a balanced microbial environment, lowering pathogens, boosting immunity, and fostering the development and well-being of cultured species. Through a variety of strategies, such as immunomodulation, competitive inhibition, and environmental modification, probiotics provide these advantages. Probiotics provide long-term, multifaceted solutions that enhance aquatic organisms’ health and their rearing habitats, in contrast to unilateral disease control techniques. The current challenges in aquaculture, processes of antibiotic resistance, and the multifunctional functions of probiotics are the topics of discussion in this review. The review also incorporates recent evidence, such as combinations with herbal drugs and nanoparticles , species-specific use, and delivery methods. Hints for future directions in research are given to enable probiotics to enhance sustainable aquaculture further.