Advanced Nutrition : Macronutrients, Micronutrients, and Metabolism

Abstract

Energy Definition Energy Need Energy Retained Energetic Efficiency Utilizable Energy Thermogenesis Abnormal Energy States Starvation and Undernutrition Protein-Energy Malnutrition Trauma and Energy Needs Obesity Body Composition Set Point Theory in Body Weight Regulation Morbidity of Severely Obese People Treatment of Obesity Drugs for the Treatment of Obesity References Regulation of Food Intake Psychological Aspects of Food Intake Physiological Aspects of Food Intake Sensory Perception of Food Appearance Texture Smell (Olfaction) and Gustation (Taste) Neuronal Signals for Hunger and Satiety Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Abnormal Appetite: Pica References Nutritional Biochemistry Glycolysis Hexose Monophosphate Shunt Interconversion of Dietary Sugars Fructose Contents Galactose Mannose Glycogenesis and Glycogenolysis Gluconeogenesis Cori and Alanine Cycles Oxidative Phosphoylation Mitochondrial Structure and Function Respiration and the Citric Acid Cycle Respiratory Chain ATP Synthesis Uncoupling Proteins Metabolic Control: Oxidative Phosphorylation Oxidative Phosphorylation Fatty Acid Synthesis Fatty Acid Elongation Fatty Acid Desaturation Fatty Acid Esterification Fatty Acid Oxidation Cholesterol Synthesis Amino Acid Catabolism Amino Acid Derivatives Creatine Phosphate Choline Polyamines References Cell Cycle, Life Cycle Cell Structure and Function Receptors Signal Systems Cell Differentiation Apoptosis Life Cycle Growth and Development Aging References Nutrigenomics and Epigenetics Gene Expression Gene Structure Mutation or Polymorphisms Synthesis of Purines and Pyrimidines Transcription Epigenetic Control of Chromatin Structure and Function Genetic Diseases of Interest to Nutrition References Protein Amino Acids Chemistry Stereochemistry Acid-Based Properties Reactions Amino Acid Derivatives Creatine phosphate Choline Polyamines Peptides Protein Structure Protein Denaturation Classification of Proteins Classification by Solubility and Prosthetic Groups Glycoproteins Lipoproteins Nucleoproteins Other Conjugated Proteins Classification by Function Classification by Nutritive Value Protein Analysis Biological Value of Dietary Protein (BV) Protein Use Digestion Absorption Metabolism Hormones: Regulators of Protein Metabolism Protein Turnover Protein Degradation Functions of Proteins Proteins as Enzymes Proteins as Carriers and Receptors Proteins as Regulators of Water Balance Proteins as Biological Buffers Proteins as Structural Elements and Structural Units Proteins as Lubricants Proteins in the Immune System Proteins as Signaling Molecules Protein Intake Recommendations Age Environmental Temperature Previous Diet Physical Activity Protein Deficiency Kwashiorkor Marasmus Protein and Amino Acid Interactions with Other Nutrients Vegetarian Diets Renal Disease Integration of the Metabolic Features of Protein Nutrition References Carbohydrates Classification Structure and Nomenclature Monosaccharides Stereoisomeric Forms Anomeric Forms Oligosaccharides Disaccharides Polysaccharides Storage Polysaccharides Structural Polysaccharides Mucopolysaccharides Sources of Carbohydrate Digestion and Absorption Metabolism Glucose Homeostasis Abnormalities in the Regulation of Glucose Homeostasis: Diabetes Mellitus Prevalence of Diabetes The Glucose Tolerance Test Definition of Different Types of Diabetes Based on Management Genetics and Diabetes Type Diabetes (Autoimmune Diabetes) Pancreatic Islet ss Cell Failure Autoimmune Disease Diabetes Secondary to Viral Infections Insulin Release Maturity-Onset Diabetes of the Young (MODY) Genetic Errors in Insulin Structure Mitochondrial Diabetes Peripheral Insulin Resistance Animal Models for Humans with Type 2 Diabetes Population Surveys Relating Diet to Diabetes Prospective Studies Linking Food Intake to a Reduction in Type 2 Diabetes Dietary Intervention in Diabetes Other Intervention Studies Overall Management of Both Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes Other Health Concerns in Carbohydrate Nutrition Fiber Ethanol Carbohydrate Needs References Lipids Classification Structure and Nomenclature Simple Lipids Fatty Acids Triacyglycerols (Fats or Triglycerides) Sources of Lipids Digestion and Absorption Transport Endogenous Lipid Transport Genetic Basis for Lipoproteinemia Nutrient-Gene Interactions in Lipid Transport Function Essential Fatty Acids Eicosanoid Synthesis Fatty Acid Autooxidation Nutrition, Inflammation, and Chronic Disease The Injury Cycle Relationship of Inflammation to Chronic Disease Aging and Free Radicals Marine Oils and Health Concerns Lipids and Membrane Function Membrane Phospholipid Composition Disease Effects on Membrane Lipids Hormonal Effects on Membrane Lipids Age Effects on Membrane Lipids Membrane Function Cancer and Dietary Fat Other Diseases References Fat-Soluble Vitamins Vitamin A Structure and Nomenclature Chemical Properties Biopotency Sources Metabolism of Vitamin A Functions Hypervitaminosis A Vitamin Degradation and Excretion Need Vitamin D Structure and Nomenclature Physical/Chemical Properties Biopotency Methods of Assay International Units (IU) Metabolism Absorption Transport Metabolism Function Regulation of Serum Calcium Levels Vitamin D Deficiency Hypervitaminosis D Need Vitamin E Structure and Nomenclature International Units and Methods of Analysis Chemical and Physical Properties Sources Metabolism Absorption and Transport Intracellular Transport and Storage Catabolism and Excretion Function Hypervitaminosis E Deficiency Need Vitamin K Structure and Nomenclature Biopotency Chemical and Physical Properties Chemical Assays Bioassays Biosynthesis Antagonists, Antivitamins Absorption Metabolism and Function Deficiency Sources Need References Water-Soluble Vitamins Ascorbic Acid Structure, Physical, and Chemical Properties Sources Absorption and Metabolism Distribution Function Deficiency Toxicity Need Thiamin Structure Thiamin Antagonists Assays for Thiamin Sources Absorption and Metabolism Biological Function Deficiency Needs Toxicity Riboflavin Structure, Chemical, and Physical Properties Sources Assay Absorption and Metabolism Function Deficiency Needs Niacin, Nicotinic Acid Structure, Physical, and Chemical Properties Sources Absorption and Metabolism Function Deficiency Need Pyridoxine Structure, Physical, and Chemical Properties Sources Absorption and Metabolism Function Deficiency Need Pantothenic Acid Structure, Chemical, and Physical Properties Sources Absorption and Metabolism Function Deficiency Symptoms Need Biotin Structure, Physical, and Chemical Properties Sources Absorption and Metabolism Function Deficiency Need Folic Acid Structure, Chemical, and Physical Properties Sources Absorption and Metabolism Function Deficiency Need Vitamin B12 Structure, Physical, and Chemical Properties Absorption and Metabolism Function Deficiency Need Carnitine Structure, Physical, and Chemical Properties Sources Absorption and Metabolism Function Deficiency Choline Structure, Physical, and Chemical Properties Sources Absorption and Metabolism Function Deficiency Need Inositol Structure, Physical, and Chemical Properties Absorption and Metabolism Function Deficiency Need Other Compounds That May or May Not Be Vitamins Pyrroloquinoline Quinone Ubiquinone Orotic Acid Para Amino Benzoic Acid (PABA) Lipoic Acid Bioflavinoids Pseudovitamins References Macrominerals Sodium Regulation of Serum Sodium Function Potassium Chloride Function Calcium Sources Food Mixtures Bioavailability Apparent Absorption Physiological Status Mechanisms of Absorption Calcium Transport, Blood Calcium Regulation Function Cell Signaling Calcium and Cell Death Muscle Contraction Calcium Deficiency Need Phosphorus Function Magnesium Absorption, Metabolism, Excretion Function Deficiency Need References Trace Minerals Essential Microminerals Trace Mineral Toxicity Antagonisms and Interactions among Trace Minerals Iron Absorption, Excretion, Metabolism Iron-Containing Materials in the Body Iron Needs Iron Deficiency (Anemia) Pharmacological Treatment of Iron Deficiency Toxicology Zinc Absorption, Metabolism, Excretion Function Storage Zinc Interactions Deficiency Status Copper Absorption, Metabolism, Excretion Function Deficiency Abnormal Copper Status Selenium Absorption, Excretion, Metabolism Function Selenium-Mineral Interactions Deficiency Toxicity Iodine (Iodide) Absorption, Metabolism, Excretion Deficiency Need Molybdenum Absorption and Excretion Function Food Sources and Recommended Intake Manganese Absorption and Excretion Function Food Sources, Recommended Intake Toxicity Cobalt Toxicity, Mineral Interactions Other Minerals References Glossary Index

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