Effectiveness of Incentives for Improving Diabetes-Related Health Indicators in Chronic Disease Lifestyle Modification Programs: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
LaShonda Hulbert, Shannon L. Michael, Jasmine Charter-Harris, Charisma Y. Atkins, Renée A. Skeete, Michael J. Cannon
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: ). We also examined the potential effect of 4 different incentive domains (ie, type, monetary value, attainment certainty, and schedule) on those indicators. METHODS: statistic and the Cochran Q test. We also conducted moderator analyses by using a mixed-effects model to examine differences between subgroups of incentive domains (eg, incentive type [cash vs other types]). RESULTS: (-0.17%; 95% CI, -0.30% to -0.05%; P < .05). The moderator analyses showed that the incentive effect did not vary significantly between the subgroups of the incentive domains, except on weight loss for the attainment certainty domain, suggesting that a variety of incentive subgroups could be equally useful. CONCLUSION: Providing incentives in lifestyle modification programs is a promising strategy to decrease weight, BMI, and blood pressure.