A review of phenolic compounds in water bodies of grazing areas
Monde Rapiya, Mhlangabezi Slayi, Wayne Truter
Abstract
Phenolic compounds are common environmental pollutants found in water sources near grazing areas. They originate from natural sources like plants and pollen, as well as human activities such as industry, agriculture, and waste disposal. These chemicals can accumulate in water and sediments, especially during rainy seasons or after land management practices, and pose risks to livestock health. Exposure to phenolics can cause toxicity, reproductive problems, and other health issues in animals, but some phenolics also have beneficial antioxidant and antimicrobial properties when used properly. Therefore, the objective of this study is to examine phenolic compounds in water bodies around grazing areas. Detecting and monitoring phenolic compounds require sensitive techniques like high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and microextraction methods, which can be costly and complex. Seasonal changes, land use, and pollution from fertilizers, pesticides, and animal waste influence phenolic levels in water bodies. Regular water quality assessments are essential to identify contamination, evaluate health risks, and develop effective management strategies. Controlling industrial discharges, promoting sustainable farming practices, and improving waste management are vital to reducing phenolic pollution. Collaboration among policymakers, farmers, industry, and communities is necessary to implement regulations, raise awareness, and protect water resources. This study highlights the importance of understanding phenolic sources, their behaviour in water environments, and the need for advanced monitoring tools to ensure the safety of grazing animals and the sustainability of ecosystems. Future efforts should focus on improving detection methods, reducing pollution sources, and promoting sustainable land and water management to safeguard environmental and public health.