Trust towards using autonomous taxis: Evidence from Germany
Wieland Müller, Michael Leyer, Marek Gaugel
Abstract
The emergence of autonomous driving technologies, particularly autonomous taxis (ATs), promises significant benefits for transportation but depends on building user trust. So far there are few ATs, but governments are considering integrating AT offers into their public transportation network worldwide. Despite the fact that it is the ideal time to identify trust factors that must be considered for successful launch, surprisingly little is known. Thus, this study examines the specific dimensions of trust necessary to accept and adopt ATs. We propose a multidimensional model of trust that integrates dispositional, situational, and learned trust across social, data, and technical levels. Using a two-stage approach comprising confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modelling, we empirically validate these different trust dimensions through a two-point-in-time survey conducted in Germany. The results indicate that each trust dimension positively influences risk behaviour, with situational technical trust having the most substantial influence. Contrary to previous assumptions, perceived relationship risk does not significantly reduce trust, and perceived situational risk does not moderate the trust–risk relationship. Risk propensity is found to be a strong predictor of risk-taking behaviour. Our research provides valuable insights for developers, providers, and policymakers to promote trust and support the introduction of ATs.