2025 ESC Guidelines for the management of cardiovascular disease and pregnancy
Julie De Backer, Kristina H. Haugaa, Nina E. Hasselberg, Michèle de Hosson, Margarita Brida, Silvia Castelletti, Matthew Cauldwell, Elisabetta Cerbai, Lia Crotti, Natasja M.S. de Groot, Mette‐Elise Estensen, Eva Goossens, Bernhard Haring, Donata Kurpas, Carmel M. McEniery, Sanne A. E. Peters, Amina Rakisheva, Antonia Sambola, Oliver Schlager, Florian Schoenhoff, Tommaso Simoncini, F. Steinbach, Isabella Sudano, Lorna Swan, Anne Marie Valente, ESC Scientific Document Group, Werner Budts, Karen Sliwa, Marianna Adamo, Elena Arbelo, Eloisa Arbustini, Giuseppe Boriani, Antonio Brucato, Sergio Buccheri, A. Bura-Rivière, Pavel Calda, Gheorghe‐Andrei Dan, Konstantinos Dimopoulos, Alexandra Frogoudaki, Estelle Gandjbakhch, Eva Gerdts, Sofie Gevaert, Bruna Gigante, Bettina Heidecker, Borja Ibáñez, Stefan James, Mark R. Johnson, Peter Jüni, Jolanda Kluin, Lars Køber, Konstantinos C. Koskinas, G Y H Lip, Emma Magavern, John W. McEvoy, Borislava Mihaylova, Richard Mindham, Inge Moelgaard, Philip Moons, Jens Cosedis Nielsen, Ntobeko Ntusi, Agnès Pasquet, Tatjana Potpara, Eva Prescott, Bianca Rocca, Jolien W. Roos‐Hesselink, Xavier Rosselló, Anna Sannino, Felix C. Tanner, Ulf Landmesser, Ilonca Vaartjes, Christiaan Vrints, Katja Zeppenfeld, Dayenne Zwaagman, Aurel Demiraj, N. Henine, Hamlet Hayrapetyan, Noémi Pávó, Gulane Aghayeva, Agnès Pasquet, Milan Gluhović, Nina Gotcheva, Boško Skorić, Maria Karakyriou, Zuzana Moťovská, Dorte Guldbrand Nielsen, Ghada Youssef, Maarja Maser, Sanna Laurila, Bernard Iung, Khatuna Jalabadze, Stephanie Fichtner, Alexandra Frogoudaki, Olga Hajnalka Bálint, Þórdís Jóna Hrafnkelsdóttir, Paul Brennan, Rafael Kuperstein, Gabriele Egidy Assenza, Gulnara Junusbekova, Pranvera Ibrahimi, Saamay Abilova
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a major cause of maternal mortality and morbidity. With these new Guidelines we wish to provide updated evidence-based guidance for patients and caregivers. Reducing maternal mortality and morbidity is a key priority of the World Health Organization (WHO). In managing maternal and foetal health, it is essential to balance the risks and benefits of maternal and foetal therapeutic needs. Due to the scarcity of prospective or randomized studies within this field, which often cannot be performed for ethical reasons, most recommendations in these Guidelines are based on evidence level C. Consequently, there is an ongoing need for more registries, such as the Registry of Pregnancy and Cardiac Disease (ROPAC) and the European Surveillance of Congenital Anomalies network, and prospective studies to enhance our understanding in this area.