Metal–organic framework-based dual-mode biosensors: Mechanisms and applications
Yizhong Huang, Xi Sun, Ziyu Zhang, Chaonan Huang, Lingxia Wu, Weiqiang Tan, Huining Chai, Guangyao Zhang
Abstract
To address the growing complexity of detection scenarios, biosensing technology is transitioning from single-modal to dual-mode systems. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), with their high surface area, tunable pore structures, and multifunctional properties, have emerged as ideal substrates for dual-mode biosensors. Their advantages include: (1) precisely engineered coordination between metal nodes and ligands enables synergistic optical-electrochemical signal outputs; (2) intrinsic enzyme-like or photo/electrocatalytic activities (when present) can amplify detection signals through substrate conversion; (3) modular design allows simultaneous integration of signal transduction and, where applicable, catalytic functions, establishing a robust sensing synergy. This technology has been successfully applied in detecting biomolecules, pathogens, biotoxins, pesticides, heavy metals, and emerging contaminants. Current research focuses on structure-activity optimization, yet challenges remain, such as matrix interference and stability issues. Future efforts require interdisciplinary collaboration to develop intelligent MOFs, micro-nano integrated systems, and practical validation. This review systematically analyzes the synthetic strategies of MOFs for dual-mode biosensors, sensing mechanisms, current challenges, and future prospects, thereby providing theoretical and technical guidance for the design of high-precision biosensing platforms.