Automated major depressive disorder diagnosis using a dual-input deep learning model and image generation from EEG signals
Ahmad Afzali, Ali Khaleghi, Boshra Hatef, Reza Akbari Movahed, Gila Pirzad Jahromi
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is conventionally diagnosed through a questionnaire. Since approaches to diagnose MDD may lead to inaccurate diagnoses, many studies have presented electroencephalogram (EEG)-based machine learning techniques. The present paper introduces a deep learning approach based on image construction from EEGs. Two images are constructed from EEGs based on spectral and functional connectivity features. Afterward, the constructed images are applied to a two-stream convolutional neural network, and the outputs are concatenated. Finally, the concatenating result is applied to a sequential model of long–short-term memory, fully connected, and softmax layers to classify each sample into the MDD and healthy control (HC) classes. To validate the proposed approach, a public EEG dataset was used consisting of EEG data recorded from 34 MDD patients and 30 HC-matched participants. This framework obtained an AC of 98.03%, SE of 98.85%, SP of 97.19%, F1 of 98.07%, and FDR of 2.69% for the random splitting assessment method and achieved an average AC of 99.11%, SE of 98.97%, SP of 99.25%, F1 of 99.13%, and FDR of 0.71% using a 10-fold cross-validation process. Considering the accurate performance of the proposed method, it can be developed as a computer-aided diagnosis tool to diagnose MDD automatically.