Unlocking Iminium Catalysis in Artificial Enzymes to Create a Friedel–Crafts Alkylase
Reuben B. Leveson‐Gower, Zhi Zhou, Ivana Drienovská, Gérard Roelfes
Abstract
The construction and engineering of artificial enzymes consisting of abiological catalytic moieties incorporated into protein scaffolds is a promising strategy to realize non-natural mechanisms in biocatalysis. Here, we show that incorporation of the noncanonical amino acid para-aminophenylalanine (pAF) into the nonenzymatic protein scaffold LmrR creates a proficient and stereoselective artificial enzyme (LmrR_pAF) for the vinylogous Friedel-Crafts alkylation between α,β-unsaturated aldehydes and indoles. pAF acts as a catalytic residue, activating enal substrates toward conjugate addition via the formation of intermediate iminium ion species, while the protein scaffold provides rate acceleration and stereoinduction. Improved LmrR_pAF variants were identified by low-throughput directed evolution advised by alanine-scanning to obtain a triple mutant that provided higher yields and enantioselectivities for a range of aliphatic enals and substituted indoles. Analysis of Michaelis-Menten kinetics of LmrR_pAF and evolved mutants reveals that different activities emerge via evolutionary pathways that diverge from one another and specialize catalytic reactivity. Translating this iminium-based catalytic mechanism into an enzymatic context will enable many more biocatalytic transformations inspired by organocatalysis.