Applied heat transfer modeling in conventional hybrid (Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>-CuO)/C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>6</sub>O<sub>2</sub> and modified-hybrid nanofluids (Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>-CuO-Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>)/C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>6</sub>O<sub>2</sub> between slippery channel by using least square method (LSM)

Abstract

<abstract><p>In this research, a new heat transfer model for ternary nanofluid (Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>-CuO-Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>)/C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>6</sub>O<sub>2</sub> inside slippery converging/diverging channel is reported with innovative effects of dissipation function. This flow situation described by a coupled set of PDEs which reduced to ODEs via similarity and effective ternary nanofluid properties. Then, LSM is successfully coded for the model and achieved the desired results influenced by <inline-formula><tex-math id="M1">\begin{document}$ \alpha ,Re,{\gamma }_{1} $\end{document}</tex-math></inline-formula> and <inline-formula><tex-math id="M2">\begin{document}$ Ec $\end{document}</tex-math></inline-formula>. It is examined that the fluid movement increases for <inline-formula><tex-math id="M3">\begin{document}$ Re $\end{document}</tex-math></inline-formula> in the physical range of 30–180 and it drops for diverging channel (<inline-formula><tex-math id="M4">\begin{document}$ \alpha > 0 $\end{document}</tex-math></inline-formula>) when the slippery wall approaches to <inline-formula><tex-math id="M5">\begin{document}$ \alpha = {60}^{o} $\end{document}</tex-math></inline-formula>. The fluid movement is very slow for increasing concentration factor <inline-formula><tex-math id="M6">\begin{document}$ {\varphi }_{i} $\end{document}</tex-math></inline-formula> for <inline-formula><tex-math id="M7">\begin{document}$ i = \mathrm{1,2},3 $\end{document}</tex-math></inline-formula> up to 10%. Further, ternary nanofluid temperature boosts rapidly due to inclusion of trinanoparticles thermal conductivity and dissipation factor (<inline-formula><tex-math id="M8">\begin{document}$ Ec = \mathrm{0.1,0.2,0.3,0.4,0.6} $\end{document}</tex-math></inline-formula>) also contributes significantly. Moreover, the temperature is maximum about the center of the channel (<inline-formula><tex-math id="M9">\begin{document}$ \eta = 0 $\end{document}</tex-math></inline-formula>) and slip effects (<inline-formula><tex-math id="M10">\begin{document}$ {\gamma }_{1} = \mathrm{0.1,0.2,0.3,0.4,0.5,0.6} $\end{document}</tex-math></inline-formula>) on the channel walls lead to decrement in the temperature <inline-formula><tex-math id="M11">\begin{document}$ \beta \left(\eta \right) $\end{document}</tex-math></inline-formula>.</p></abstract>

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