Optimal rate control in dogs with atrial fibrillation—ORCA study—Multicenter prospective observational study: Prognostic impact and predictors of rate control
Brigite Pedro, Antonia Mavropoulou, Mark A. Oyama, Chris Linney, J. Neves, Joanna Dukes‐McEwan, Ana Patrícia Fontes-Sousa, Anna R. Gelzer
Abstract
BACKGROUND: The optimal heart rate (HR) in dogs with atrial fibrillation (AF) is unknown. Impact of HR on survival needs elucidation. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES: Dogs with a 24 hours Holter-derived meanHR ≤125 beats per minute (bpm; rate controlled) survive longer than dogs with higher meanHR. We further aimed to determine which variables predict ability to achieving rate control. ANIMALS: Sixty dogs with AF. METHODS: Holter-derived meanHR, clinical, echocardiographic, and biomarker variables were analyzed prospectively. Survival was recorded from time of rate control, with all-cause mortality as primary endpoint. Cox proportional hazards analysis identified variables independently associated with survival; Kaplan-Meier survival analysis estimated the median survival time of dogs with meanHR ≤125 bpm vs >125 bpm. Logistic regression explored baseline variables associated with inability to achieve rate control. RESULTS: Structural heart disease was present in 56/60 dogs, 50/60 had congestive heart failure, and 45/60 died. Median time to all-cause death was 160 days (range, 88-303 days), dogs with meanHR >125 bpm (n = 27) lived 33 days (95% confidence interval [CI], 15-141 days), dogs with meanHR ≤125 bpm (n = 33) lived 608 days (95% CI, 155-880 days; P < .0001). Congenital heart disease and N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide were independently associated with higher risk of death (P < .01 and <.0001, respectively) whereas meanHR ≤125 bpm decreased the risk of death (P < .001). Increased left atrial size, increased C-reactive protein concentration and lower blood pressure at admission were associated with failure to achieve rate control. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: Rate control affects survival; an optimal target meanHR <125 bpm should be sought in dogs with AF. Baseline patient variables can help predict if rate control is achievable.