Education Level Modulates the Presence of Poststroke Depression and Anxiety, But It Depends on Age
María Alejandra Samudio-Cruz, Paola Toussaint-González, Berenice Estrada-Cortés, José A. Martínez-Cortéz, Marlene A. Rodríguez-Barragán, Claudia Hernández-Arenas, Jimena Quinzaños-Fresnedo, Paul Carrillo‐Mora
Abstract
ABSTRACT: Depression and anxiety are common complications after stroke and little is known about the modulatory roles of education and age. Our study aimed to evaluate the modulatory effects of education level on anxiety and depression after stroke and their effect on each age group. Adults with first stroke took part in this cross-sectional observational clinical study. We used the following instruments: Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), Montreal Cognitive Scale, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, Barthel index, and Functional Independence Measure. There were 89 patients. The mean (SD) age was 58.01 (13) years, mean (SD) years of education was 9.91 (5.22), 55.1% presented depression symptoms and 47.2% anxiety symptoms, 56.2% were young adults and 43.8% were older adults. We identified a negative association between education and anxiety score ( r = -0. 269, p = 0.011) and depression score ( r = -0.252, p = 0.017). In the linear regression analysis, we found that education is negatively associated with HADS, but this influence was more consistent in young adults. In conclusion, a higher education level reduces the risk of depression and anxiety, but their effect is less consistent in older adults.