Bridging battery degradation and safety: Challenges and opportunities
Yiwen Zhao, Zhenpo Wang, Lisen Yan, Zhenyu Sun, Peng Liu, Lei Zhang, Weihan Li
Abstract
As lithium-ion batteries continue to empower the global shift toward transportation electrification and renewable energy integration, ensuring their reliable, long-term and safe operation has emerged as a topmost challenge. Despite extensive research on both degradation mechanisms and catastrophic failures such as thermal runaway, these phenomena are often investigated in isolation, hindering the development of comprehensive safety strategies. This review bridges the critical gap between battery degradation and safety by establishing a unified framework that connects gradual degradation processes, fault evolution and extreme risks. We systematically examine how electrochemical degradation influences the emergence of safety-critical events and emphasize the importance of diagnostic strategies capable of identifying performance degradation, detecting early-stage faults and predicting impending thermal hazards. Such insights not only enhance safety risk awareness but also enable proactive interventions across the battery lifecycle. Looking ahead, we provide guidance on key pathways toward lifecycle-aware battery management system development and scalable methods for large-scale deployment. • Exploring how degradation leads to early faults and safety hazards in batteries. • Building end-to-end diagnostics for life-cycle safety and performance evaluation. • Linking electrochemical mechanisms to diagnostics for unified safety insight. • Offering guidance for safer, smarter, and user-centric battery management systems.