High Electric Field on Water Microdroplets Catalyzes Spontaneous and Ultrafast Oxidative C–H/N–H Cross-Coupling
Dongmei Zhang, Yuan Xu, Chu Gong, Xinxing Zhang
Abstract
Oxidative C–H/N–H cross-coupling has emerged as an atom-economical method for the construction of C–N bonds. Conventional oxidative C–H/N–H coupling requires at least one of the following: high temperatures, strong oxidizers, transition metal catalysts, organic solvents, light, and electrochemical cells. In this study, by merely spraying the water solutions of the substrates into microdroplets at room temperature, we show a series of oxidative C–H/N–H coupling products that are strikingly produced in a spontaneous and ultrafast manner. The reactions are accelerated by six orders of magnitude compared to the same reactions in the bulk. It has been previously proposed by fluorescence microscopy and theory that the spontaneously generated electric field at the microdroplets peripheries can be in the ∼109 V/m range. Based on mass spectrometric analysis of key radical intermediates, we opine that the ultrahigh electric field catalytically oxidizes the substrates by removing an electron, which further promotes C/N coupling. Taken together, we anticipate that microdroplet chemistry will be an avenue rich in green opportunities of constructing C-heteroatom bonds.