Analysing the impact of the different pricing policies on PV-battery systems: A Dutch case study of a residential microgrid
Farshid Norouzi, Aditya Shekhar, Thomas Hoppe, Pavol Bauer
Abstract
This study investigates the techno-economic impacts of various pricing policies on a photovoltaic (PV) system combined with battery energy storage (BES) as a single integrated system within a Dutch residential building. With the increasing adoption of PV systems, managing reverse power flow and grid stability becomes crucial. The study evaluates different scenarios, including net metering, feed-in tariffs (FiT) with time-of-use (TOU), RTP pricing, and subsidised BES. Using a multi-objective genetic algorithm, the optimal size and charging/discharging patterns of the PV-BES system were determined. The optimisation simultaneously minimises the Net Present Cost (NPC) and maximises the Self-Consumption Rate (SCR), to determine the PV-BES size that achieves an optimal balance between economic and technical performance. Results indicate that RTP pricing significantly enhances SCR. While the levelised cost of electricity (LCOE) and payback periods (PBP) are initially higher in the RTP pricing scenario, subsidising BES can mitigate these disadvantages. Additionally, incorporating price limit control variables into the energy management system (EMS) optimises the charging/discharging cycles, extending BES lifetimes and potentially increasing future revenues. These findings provide insights for policymakers to balance economic benefits and grid technical requirements through effective PV-BES integration. • The impact of four different pricing policies on a PV-BES system is analysed. • Incorporating price limit control variables into EMS optimises BES lifetimes and future revenues. • The size of PV-BES is optimised for each of the four pricing policies. • Real-Time pricing policy meets the requirements of both end-users and system operators. • Net metering and FiT with TOU cannot address both the economic and technical needs.