North Atlantic winter cyclones starve seabirds
Manon Clairbaux, Paul D. Mathewson, Warren P. Porter, Jérôme Fort, Hallvard Strøm, Børge Moe, Per Fauchald, Sébastien Descamps, Hálfdán H. Helgason, Vegard Sandøy Bråthen, Benjamin Merkel, Tycho Anker‐Nilssen, Ingar S. Bringsvor, Olivier Chastel, Signe Christensen‐Dalsgaard, Jóhannis Danielsen, Francis Daunt, Nina Dehnhard, Kjell Einar Erikstad, А. В. Ежов, Maria Gavrilo, Yuri Krasnov, Magdalene Langset, Svein‐Håkon Lorentsen, Mark A. Newell, Bergur Olsen, Tone K. Reiertsen, Geir Helge Systad, Þorkell Lindberg Þórarinsson, Mark A. Baran, Tony Diamond, Annette L. Fayet, Michelle G. Fitzsimmons, Morten Frederiksen, Hugh Grant Gilchrist, Tim Guilford, Nicholas Per Huffeldt, Mark Jessopp, Kasper Lambert Johansen, Amy‐Lee Kouwenberg, Jannie Fries Linnebjerg, Heather L. Major, Laura McFarlane Tranquilla, Mark L. Mallory, Flemming Ravn Merkel, William A. Montevecchi, Anders Mosbech, Aevar Petersen, David Grémillet
Abstract
Each winter, the North Atlantic Ocean is the stage for numerous cyclones, the most severe ones leading to seabird mass-mortality events called "winter wrecks." 1–3 During these, thousands of emaciated seabird carcasses are washed ashore along European and North American coasts. Winter cyclones can therefore shape seabird population dynamics 4 , 5 by affecting survival rates as well as the body condition of surviving individuals and thus their future reproduction. However, most often the geographic origins of impacted seabirds and the causes of their deaths remain unclear. 6 We performed the first ocean-basin scale assessment of cyclone exposure in a seabird community by coupling winter tracking data for ∼1,500 individuals of five key North Atlantic seabird species ( Alle alle , Fratercula arctica , Uria aalge , Uria lomvia , and Rissa tridactyla ) and cyclone locations. We then explored the energetic consequences of different cyclonic conditions using a mechanistic bioenergetics model 7 and tested the hypothesis that cyclones dramatically increase seabird energy requirements. We demonstrated that cyclones of high intensity impacted birds from all studied species and breeding colonies during winter but especially those aggregating in the Labrador Sea, the Davis Strait, the surroundings of Iceland, and the Barents Sea. Our broad-scale analyses suggested that cyclonic conditions do not increase seabird energy requirements, implying that they die because of the unavailability of their prey and/or their inability to feed during cyclones. Our study provides essential information on seabird cyclone exposure in a context of marked cyclone regime changes due to global warming. 8