Pharmacogenetic Analyses of Therapeutic Effects of Lipophilic Statins on Cognitive and Functional Changes in Alzheimer’s Disease
Fabricio Ferreira de Oliveira, Paulo Henrique Ferreira Bertolucci, Elizabeth Suchi Chen, Marilia Cardoso Smith
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Pharmacogenetic effects of statins on clinical changes in Alzheimer's disease (AD) could be mediated by epistatic interactions among relevant genetic variants involved in cholesterol metabolism. OBJECTIVE: To investigate associations of HMGCR (rs3846662), NR1H2 (rs2695121), or CETP (rs5882&rs708272) with cognitive and functional changes in AD, with stratification according to APOEɛ4 carrier status and lipid-lowering treatment with lipophilic statins. METHODS: Consecutive outpatients with late-onset AD were screened with cognitive tests, while caregivers scored functionality and global ratings, with prospective neurotranslational associations documented for one year. RESULTS: Considering n = 190:142 had hypercholesterolemia, 139 used lipophilic statins; minor allele frequencies were 0.379 (rs2695121-T:46.3% heterozygotes), 0.368 (rs5882-G:49.5% heterozygotes), and 0.371 (rs708272-A:53.2% heterozygotes), all in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. For APOEɛ4 carriers: rs5882-GG protected from cognitive decline; rs5882-AA caused faster cognitive decline; carriers of rs2695121-CC or rs5882-AA were more susceptible to harmful cognitive effects of lipophilic statins; carriers of rs5882-GG or rs708272-AG had functional benefits when using lipophilic statins. APOEɛ4 non-carriers resisted any cognitive or functional effects of lipophilic statins, while invariability of rs3846662 (all AA) prevented the assessment of HMGCR effects. When assessing CETP haplotypes only: rs5882-GG protected from cognitive and functional decline, regardless of lipophilic statin therapy; lipophilic statins usually caused cognitive and functional harm to carriers of rs5882-A and/or rs708272-A; lipophilic statins benefitted cognition and functionality of carriers of rs5882-G and/or rs708272-G. CONCLUSION: Reportedly protective variants of CETP and NR1H2 also slowed cognitive and functional decline particularly for APOEɛ4 carriers, and regardless of cholesterol variations, while therapy with lipophilic statins might affect carriers of specific genetic variants.