Clinical Potential of Immunotherapies in Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Treatment: Mechanistic Dissection of Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses
Anke Zhang, Yibo Liu, Xiaoyu Wang, Houshi Xu, Chaoyou Fang, Ling Yuan, Kaikai Wang, Jingwei Zheng, Yangjian Qi, Sheng Chen, Jianmin Zhang, Anwen Shao
Abstract
Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), classified as a medical emergency, is a devastating and severe subtype of stroke. SAH induces an immune response, which further triggers brain injury; however, the underlying mechanisms need to be further elucidated. The current research is predominantly focused on the production of specific subtypes of immune cells, especially innate immune cells, post-SAH onset. Increasing evidence suggests the critical role of immune responses in SAH pathophysiology; however, studies on the role and clinical significance of adaptive immunity post-SAH are limited. In this present study, we briefly review the mechanistic dissection of innate and adaptive immune responses post-SAH. Additionally, we summarized the experimental studies and clinical trials of immunotherapies for SAH treatment, which may form the basis for the development of improved therapeutic approaches for the clinical management of SAH in the future.