Cardiorespiratory fitness is associated with cognitive function in late adulthood: baseline findings from the IGNITE study
Lauren E. Oberlin, Lu Wan, Chaeryon Kang, Allison Romano, Sarah L. Aghjayan, Alina Lesnovskaya, Hayley S. Ripperger, Jermon A. Drake, Rae Harrison, Audrey M. Collins, Cristina Molina‐Hidalgo, George Grove, Haiqing Huang, Arthur F. Kramer, Charles H. Hillman, Jeffrey M. Burns, Eric D. Vidoni, Edward McAuley, M. Ilyas Kamboh, John M. Jakicic, Kirk I. Erickson
Abstract
Objectives To evaluate the association between cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and cognition in a large sample of older adults, and to examine clinical and demographic factors that might moderate these associations. Methods CRF was measured with a graded exercise test performed on a motorised treadmill. A confirmatory factor analysis was conducted using data from a comprehensive neuropsychological battery to obtain latent factors reflecting core cognitive domains. Linear regression models evaluated the association between CRF and each of the cognitive composites, and potential moderators including demographic factors (age, sex, education), apolipoprotein E ε4 ( APOE4 ) carriage, beta-blocker use and components of maximal effort criteria during CRF testing. Results The sample consisted of 648 adults (mean (SD) age 69.88 (3.75)), including 461 women (71.1%). The highest oxygen consumption obtained during testing (VO 2max ) was mean (SD) = 21.68 (5.06) mL/kg/min. We derived a five-factor model composed of episodic memory, processing speed, working memory, executive function/attentional control and visuospatial function. Higher CRF was associated with better performance across all five cognitive domains after controlling for covariates. Age and APOE4 carriage did not moderate observed associations. The relationship between CRF and cognitive performance was greater in women, those with fewer years of education and those taking beta-blockers in the domains of processing speed (sex: β=−0.447; p=0.015; education: β=−0.863; p=0.018) and executive function/attentional control (sex: β=−0.417; p=0.022; education β=−0.759; p=0.034; beta-blocker use: β=0.305; p=0.047). Conclusion Higher CRF in older adulthood is associated with better cognitive performance across multiple domains susceptible to age-related cognitive decline. Sex, education and use of beta-blockers moderated observed associations within select cognitive domains.