Efficient Removal of Cadmium (Cd<sup>2+</sup>) from Aqueous Solutions by Chitosan@<i>fig</i> Branch Biochar: Adsorption Performance and Enhanced Complexation
Fan Xiao, Dongming Su, Yanfang Ren, Jieyu Zhou, Haojie Xu, Zhaojun Li, Junyu He
Abstract
In this study, fig branch biochar (FBB) was modified by chitosan to improve the Cd 2+ adsorption performance from an aqueous solution. The surface area, pores, and functional groups of chitosan-modified fig branch biochar (CMFBB) were characterized by DTG-TGA, BET, SEM-EDS, FTIR, and XRD. In addition, the impact of various conditions on the Cd adsorption performance of the biochar was analyzed, including dosage, initial pH, concentration, temperature, reaction time, and coexisting cations. The adsorption kinetics, isotherms, and practical applications were also investigated. Under the optimized conditions including pH 6, adsorbent dose 2 g L –1, reaction time 90 min, Cd 2+ concentration 100 mg L –1, and 25 °C, the Cd 2+ adsorption capacity was 62.25 mg g –1, representing a 78.26% increase compared to FBB. The adsorption data for Cd 2+ by CMFBB were found to be well-described by the pseudo-second-order kinetic and Langmuir isothermal models, indicating that a monolayer chemical adsorption process occurred. The Cd 2+ adsorption was a spontaneous endothermic process, and the coexisting cations exerted negligible influence on the adsorption process. After five adsorption–desorption cycles, CMFBB maintained an adsorption efficiency of 92.3%, demonstrating excellent regeneration capability. The quantification of adsorption mechanisms suggested that physical adsorption, cation exchange, precipitation, complexation, and π–π interactions accounted for 3.70, 2.50, 33.04, 58.76, and 2.0% of the total adsorbed Cd 2+ in CMFBB, respectively. Compared with FBB, the level of CMFBB increased 26.52% in complexation. This work implies that CMFBB has great potential as an effective absorbent for treating Cd 2+ polluted water.