Potent cross-reactive antibodies following Omicron breakthrough in vaccinees
Rungtiwa Nutalai, Daming Zhou, Aekkachai Tuekprakhon, Helen M. Ginn, Piyada Supasa, Chang Liu, Jiandong Huo, Alexander J. Mentzer, Helen M. E. Duyvesteyn, Aiste Dijokaite-Guraliuc, Donal Skelly, Thomas Ritter, Ali Amini, Sagida Bibi, Sandra Adele, Síle A. Johnson, Bede Constantinides, Hermione J. Webster, Nigel Temperton, Paul Klenerman, Eleanor Barnes, Susanna Dunachie, Derrick W. Crook, Andrew J. Pollard, Teresa Lambe, Philip Goulder, Neil G. Paterson, Mark A. Williams, David R. Hall, Juthathip Mongkolsapaya, Elizabeth E. Fry, Wanwisa Dejnirattisai, Jingshan Ren, David I. Stuart, Gavin Screaton
Abstract
Highly transmissible Omicron variants of SARS-CoV-2 currently dominate globally. Here, we compare neutralization of Omicron BA.1, BA.1.1, and BA.2. BA.2 RBD has slightly higher ACE2 affinity than BA.1 and slightly reduced neutralization by vaccine serum, possibly associated with its increased transmissibility. Neutralization differences between sub-lineages for mAbs (including therapeutics) mostly arise from variation in residues bordering the ACE2 binding site; however, more distant mutations S371F (BA.2) and R346K (BA.1.1) markedly reduce neutralization by therapeutic antibody Vir-S309. In-depth structure-and-function analyses of 27 potent RBD-binding mAbs isolated from vaccinated volunteers following breakthrough Omicron-BA.1 infection reveals that they are focused in two main clusters within the RBD, with potent right-shoulder antibodies showing increased prevalence. Selection and somatic maturation have optimized antibody potency in less-mutated epitopes and recovered potency in highly mutated epitopes. All 27 mAbs potently neutralize early pandemic strains, and many show broad reactivity with variants of concern.