Chronic liver disease in homeless individuals and performance of non‐invasive liver fibrosis and injury markers: VALID study
Ahmed Hashim, Stephen Bremner, Jane I. Grove, Stuart Astbury, Manuela Mengozzi, Margaret O’Sullivan, Lucia Macken, Tim Worthley, Dev Katarey, Guruprasad P. Aithal, Sumita Verma
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS: Community-based assessment and management of chronic liver disease (CLD) in people who are homeless (PWAH) remain poorly described. We aimed to determine prevalence/predictors of CLD in PWAH and assess the performance of non-invasive liver fibrosis and injury markers. METHODS: The Vulnerable Adult LIver Disease (VALID) study provided a "one-stop" liver service based at homeless hostels. Our primary outcome was the prevalence of clinically significant hepatic fibrosis (CSHF; liver stiffness measurement (LSM) ≥8 kPa). RESULTS: Total individuals recruited were 127, mean ± SD age 47 ± 9.4 years, 50% (95% CI 41%-59%) and 39% (95% CI 31%-48%) having alcohol dependence and a positive HCV RNA respectively. CSHF was detected in 26% (95% CI 17%-35%), independent predictors being total alcohol unit/week (OR 1.01, 95% CI 1.00-1.02, P = .002) and HCV RNA positivity (OR 2.93, 95% CI 1.12-7.66, P = .029). There was moderate agreement between LSM and Enhanced Liver Fibrosis (ELF) score (kappa 0.536, P < .001) for CSHF as assessed by LSM ≥8 kPa. Those with CSHF had significantly higher levels of IFN-γ (P = .002), IL-6 (P = .001), MMP-2 (P = .006), ccCK-18 (P < .001) and ELF biomarkers (P < .001), compared to those without CSHF. Service uptake was ≥95%. Direct acting antiviral (DAA) treatment completion was 93% (95% CI 77%-99%), sustained virological response (SVR) being 83% (95% CI 64%-94%). CONCLUSION: There is a significant liver disease burden from HCV and alcohol in PWAH. Non-invasive liver fibrosis and injury markers can help in identifying such individuals in the community. Despite a challenging cohort, excellent service uptake and high DAA-based SVRs can be achieved.