Bu<sub>4</sub>NHSO<sub>4</sub>‐Catalyzed Direct <i>N</i>‐Allylation of Pyrazole and its Derivatives with Allylic Alcohols in Water: A Metal‐Free, Recyclable and Sustainable System
Hongfeng Zhuang, Nan Lü, Na Ji, Feng Han, Chengxia Miao
Abstract
Abstract Allylic amines are valuable and functional building blocks. Direct N ‐allylation of pyrazole and its derivatives as an atom economic strategy to provide allylic amines has been achieved only using commercial Bu 4 NHSO 4 as the metal‐free catalyst and water as the solvent without any additives. 11–93% isolated yields were obtained for the N ‐allylation of pyrazole and its derivatives with allylic alcohols. Bu 4 NHSO 4 could be reused for six times by simple extraction nearly without loss of catalytic activity and was also suitable for a gram‐scale production. The reaction of allylic ether and pyrazole did not occur to give the desired product indicated that allylic ether was not the active intermediate in the pathway. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations reveal that there are hydrogen bonding effects among substrates, solvent and catalyst, especially the one formed between allylic alcohol and H 2 O. Control experiments in different protic solvents further demonstrate the intermolecular hydrogen bonding of allylic alcohol and water. magnified image