Enhancing α-FAPbI<sub>3</sub> Crystallization and Photovoltaic Performance through Inhibiting MFA Formation
Congtan Zhu, Yuejun Wang, Weihuang Lin, Xueyi Guo, Ying Yang
Abstract
Methylammonium chloride (MACl) additive is almost irreplaceable in high-performance formamidinium (FA) perovskite photovoltaics. However, the byproduct of methyl formamidinium (MFA + ) from the reaction of MA 0 and FA damages the compositional purity and phase stability of α-FAPbI 3 . The addition of iodine (I 2 ) to the FAPbI 3 precursor has been reported to inhibit the formation of the byproduct MFA + . Here, we systematically investigate the effect of MAI on perovskite films and devices by using MAI to replace MACl and I 2 . The results demonstrate that the addition of MAI produces more I 3 – in the perovskite precursor, which inhibits the reaction between MA and FA and thus blocks the formation of MFA + . Meanwhile, MFA + formation is reduced due to the delayed MACl evaporation caused by its strong interaction with I 3 –, facilitating the growth of α-FAPbI 3 with an improved bottom morphology. It eliminates unreacted PbI 2, forming a homogenized phase, and facilitates ordered growth along the (111) facet, enhancing charge transport and increasing the open-circuit voltage ( V OC ). The optimized device shows a 2% improvement in PCE, with the V OC increasing from 1.050 to 1.103 V. Additionally, the target device retains 97% of initial performance after 5495 min operation under maximum power point tracking, compared to 82.3% after 2000 min for the control device. This work provides insights into inhibiting the formation of MFA + byproducts induced by the MA-FA side reaction following the introduction of MACl.